Law Wikipedia

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Constitutional law, the body of rules, doctrines, and practices that govern the operation of political communities. In modern occasions an important political group has been the state. Modern constitutional law is the offspring of nationalism in addition to of the concept that the state must protect sure basic rights of the individual. As the variety of states has multiplied, so have constitutions and with them the physique of constitutional law, though typically such law originates from sources outdoors the state. The protection of particular person rights, meanwhile, has turn out to be the concern of supranational institutions, particularly because the mid-20th century.

Common law was later inherited by the Commonwealth of Nations, and almost each former colony of the British Empire has adopted it . The doctrine of stare decisis, also identified as case law or precedent by courts, is the main distinction to codified civil law techniques. The Islamic legal system, consisting of sharia and fiqh , is probably the most extensively used non secular law system, and one of the three commonest legal techniques on the earth alongside frequent law and civil law. It relies on both divine law, derived from the hadith of the Quran and Sunnah, and the rulings of ulema , who use the methods of ijma , qiyas , ijtihad , and urf to derive fatwā . An ulema was required to qualify for an ijazah at a madrasa before they could issue fatwā.